Administrator
Data inscrierii: 23/Feb/2007
Mesaje: 149
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Sincer eu nu prea am inteles mai nimic dar poate intelegeti voi!
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Background
European Union emission regulations for new light duty vehicles (cars and light commercial vehicles) are specified in the Directive 70/220/EEC. This basis Directive was amended a number of times, some of the most important amendments including:
Euro 1 standards (also known as EC 93): Directives 91/441/EEC (passenger cars only) or 93/59/EEC (passenger cars and light trucks)
Euro 2 standards (EC 96): Directives 94/12/EC or 96/69/EC
Euro 3/4 standards (2000/2005): Directive 98/69/EC, further amendments in 2002/80/EC
Euro 5/6 standards (2009/2014): Proposed Euro 5 regulation [COM(2005) 683] published in December 2005. Proposed Euro 6 limits published by the European Parliament [T6-0561/2006] in December 2006
Fuels. The 2000/2005 standards were accompanied by an introduction of more stringent fuel regulations that require minimum diesel cetane number of 51 (year 2000), maximum diesel sulfur content of 350 ppm in 2000 and 50 ppm in 2005, and maximum petrol (gasoline) sulfur content of 150 ppm in 2000 and 50 ppm in 2005. “Sulfur-free” diesel and gasoline fuels (≤ 10 ppm S) must be available from 2005, and become mandatory from 2009.
Emission Testing. Emissions are tested over the ECE 15 + EUDC / NEDC chassis dynamometer procedure. Effective year 2000 (Euro 3), that test procedure was modified to eliminate the 40 s engine warm-up period before the beginning of emission sampling. This modified cold start test is referred to as the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) or as the MVEG-B test. All emissions are expressed in g/km.
For PM measurements, particle number limits have been considered at the Euro 5 level, in addition to the existing mass-based limits (NEDC). The draft Euro 5 proposal indicates that number-based PM limits should be implemented once the measurement methods are established, following the completion of the UN/ECE Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP). At the time of the publication of the Euro 5 proposal, its mass-based PM emission limits could only be met by closed particulate filters. Number-based PM limits would prevent the possibility that in the future open filters are developed that meet the PM mass limit but enable a high number of ultra fine particles to pass.
Once the PMP work is completed, changes may be also introduced to the PM mass measurement procedure, which may require adjusting the proposed Euro 5 PM mass emission limit.
Emission Standards
Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (vehicle categories M1 and N1, respectively) are summarized in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and gasoline vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NOx. Gasoline vehicles are exempted from PM standards through the Euro 4 stage (Euro 5 proposal introduces PM standards for gasoline cars with DI engines).
Values listed in the tables new type approval emission limits (unless noted otherwise). All dates listed in the tables refer to new type approvals. The EC Directives also specify a second date—one year later—which applies to first registration (entry into service) of existing, previously type-approved vehicle models.
Table 1
EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (Category M1*), g/km Tier Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Diesel
Euro 1† 1992.07 2.72 (3.16) - 0.97 (1.13) - 0.14 (0.18)
Euro 2, IDI 1996.01 1.0 - 0.7 - 0.08
Euro 2, DI 1996.01a 1.0 - 0.9 - 0.10
Euro 3 2000.01 0.64 - 0.56 0.50 0.05
Euro 4 2005.01 0.50 - 0.30 0.25 0.025
Euro 5‡ 2009.09b 0.50 - 0.23 0.18 0.005
Euro 6‡ 2014.09 0.50 - 0.17 0.08 0.005
Petrol (Gasoline)
Euro 1† 1992.07 2.72 (3.16) - 0.97 (1.13) - -
Euro 2 1996.01 2.2 - 0.5 - -
Euro 3 2000.01 2.30 0.20 - 0.15 -
Euro 4 2005.01 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 -
Euro 5‡ 2009.09b 1.0 0.10c - 0.06 0.005d
Euro 6‡ 2014.09 1.0 0.10c - 0.06 0.005d
* At the Euro 1..4 stages, passenger vehicles > 2,500 kg were type approved as Category N1 vehicles
† Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits
‡ Proposed
a - until 1999.09.30 (after that date DI engines must meet the IDI limits)
b - 2010.09 for vehicles > 2,500 kg
c - and NMHC = 0.068 g/km
d - applicable only to vehicles using DI engines
Table 2
EU Emission Standards for Light Commercial Vehicles, g/km Category† Tier Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Diesel
N1, Class I
≤1305 kg Euro 1 1994.10 2.72 - 0.97 - 0.14
Euro 2, IDI 1998.01 1.0 - 0.70 - 0.08
Euro 2, DI 1998.01a 1.0 - 0.90 - 0.10
Euro 3 2000.01 0.64 - 0.56 0.50 0.05
Euro 4 2005.01 0.50 - 0.30 0.25 0.025
Euro 5‡ 2010.09 0.50 - 0.23 0.18 0.005
Euro 6‡ 2015.09 0.50 - 0.17 0.08 0.005
N1, Class II
1305-1760 kg Euro 1 1994.10 5.17 - 1.40 - 0.19
Euro 2, IDI 1998.01 1.25 - 1.0 - 0.12
Euro 2, DI 1998.01a 1.25 - 1.30 - 0.14
Euro 3 2001.01 0.80 - 0.72 0.65 0.07
Euro 4 2006.01 0.63 - 0.39 0.33 0.04
Euro 5‡ 2010.09 0.63 - 0.295 0.235 0.005
Euro 6‡ 2015.09 0.63 - 0.195 0.105 0.005
N1, Class III
>1760 kg Euro 1 1994.10 6.90 - 1.70 - 0.25
Euro 2, IDI 1998.01 1.5 - 1.20 - 0.17
Euro 2, DI 1998.01a 1.5 - 1.60 - 0.20
Euro 3 2001.01 0.95 - 0.86 0.78 0.10
Euro 4 2006.01 0.74 - 0.46 0.39 0.06
Euro 5‡ 2010.09 0.74 - 0.350 0.280 0.005
Euro 6‡ 2015.09 0.74 - 0.215 0.125 0.005
Petrol (Gasoline)
N1, Class I
≤1305 kg Euro 1 1994.10 2.72 - 0.97 - -
Euro 2 1998.01 2.2 - 0.50 - -
Euro 3 2000.01 2.3 0.20 - 0.15 -
Euro 4 2005.01 1.0 0.1 - 0.08 -
Euro 5‡ 2010.09 1.0 0.10 - 0.06 0.005b
Euro 6‡ 2015.09 1.0 0.10 - 0.06 0.005b
N1, Class II
1305-1760 kg Euro 1 1994.10 5.17 - 1.40 - -
Euro 2 1998.01 4.0 - 0.65 - -
Euro 3 2001.01 4.17 0.25 - 0.18 -
Euro 4 2006.01 1.81 0.13 - 0.10 -
Euro 5‡ 2010.09 1.81 0.13 - 0.075 0.005b
Euro 6‡ 2015.09 1.81 0.13 - 0.075 0.005b
N1, Class III
>1760 kg Euro 1 1994.10 6.90 - 1.70 - -
Euro 2 1998.01 5.0 - 0.80 - -
Euro 3 2001.01 5.22 0.29 - 0.21 -
Euro 4 2006.01 2.27 0.16 - 0.11 -
Euro 5‡ 2010.09 2.27 0.16 - 0.082 0.005b
Euro 6‡ 2015.09 2.27 0.16 - 0.082 0.005b
† For Euro 1/2 the Category N1 reference mass classes were Class I ≤ 1250 kg, Class II 1250-1700 kg, Class III > 1700 kg.
‡ Proposed
a - until 1999.09.30 (after that date DI engines must meet the IDI limits)
b - applicable only to vehicles using DI engines
Durability. Useful vehicle life for the purpose of emission regulations is:
Euro 3 stage—80,000 km or 5 years (whichever occurs first); in lieu of an actual deterioration run, manufacturers may use the following deterioration factors: 1.2 for CO, HC, NOx (gasoline) or 1.1 for CO, NOx, HC+NOx and 1.2 for PM (diesel).
Euro 4 stage—100,000 km or 5 years, whichever occurs first.
Euro 5 (draft proposal)—160,000 km or 5 years, whichever occurs first.
Other Provisions. The 2000/2005 regulation include several additional provisions, such as:
EU Member States may introduce tax incentives for early introduction of 2005 compliant vehicles.
Requirement for low temperature emission test (-7°C) for gasoline vehicles effective 2002 [Directive 2001/100/EC]. The limits for cars are 15 g/km for CO and 1.8 g/km for HC, measured over the urban part of the test only.
Introduction of onboard diagnostic (OBD) requirements for emission systems.
OBD Requirements
Starting from the Euro 3 stage, vehicles must be equipped with an onboard diagnostic system for emission control. Driver must be notified in case of a malfunction or deterioration of the emission system that would cause emissions to exceed mandatory thresholds, as listed in Table 3 (Euro 4 limits are proposed). The thresholds are based on the NEDC (cold start ECE+EUDC) test. To distinguish from the US OBD, the European limits are also referred to as the EOBD (European OBD).
Table 3
European OBD Threshold Limits, g/km Category Class Tier* Date CO HC NOx PM
Diesel
M1 EU 3 2003 3.20 0.40 1.20 0.18
EU 4 2005 3.20 0.40 1.20 0.18
N1 I EU 3 2005 3.20 0.40 1.20 0.18
EU 4 2005 3.20 0.40 1.20 0.18
II EU 3 2006 4.00 0.50 1.60 0.23
EU 4 2006 4.00 0.50 1.60 0.23
III EU 3 2006 4.80 0.60 1.90 0.28
EU 4 2006 4.80 0.60 1.90 0.28
Petrol (Gasoline)
M1 EU 3 2000 3.20 0.40 0.60 -
EU 4 2005 1.90 0.30 0.53 -
N1 I EU 3 2000 3.20 0.40 0.60 -
EU 4 2005 1.90 0.30 0.53 -
II EU 3 2001 5.80 0.50 0.70 -
EU 4 2005 3.44 0.38 0.62 -
III EU 3 2001 7.30 0.60 0.80 -
EU 4 2005 4.35 0.47 0.70 -
* Euro 4 threshold limits are proposed values, still under discussion
Note: Passenger cars category M1 > 2,500 kg or with more than 6 seats meet OBD requirements for Category N1.
A number of OBD issues were clarified in the Directive 1999/102/EC. Dates of OBD application to gas fueled (LPG or NG) vehicles are given in Directive 2001/1/EC. |
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